Explore the data

Every series used in the analysis: 44 sub-Saharan African countries, 1990–2023, from the World Bank API (UN IGME and MMEIG estimates, WHO/UNICEF immunization coverage). Solid vertical lines mark each country's fee-abolition year.

The study sample: treated countries, never-treated controls, countries excluded for ambiguous or partial policies (see Methods).

The raw table

Download the full processed panel from the GitHub repository, or rebuild it from scratch with python pipeline/fetch_data.py && python pipeline/validate_data.py.